These free notes consist of about 52 pages 15,501 words and contain the following sections. We cannot be certain when the anglosaxon poem beowulf was composed, how it was created, or exactly when it was written down. Beowulf is a warrior from geatland modern southern sweden. Occasionally a deviation has been made, but always for what seemed good and sufficient reason. Beowulf and oral epic tradition harvard university. Mar 24, 2020 beowulf published as a separate book two examples are given beowulf. Beowulf manuscript old english literature britannica. Beowulf beowulf first page of beowulf in cotton vitellius a.
Understandably, interest in the manuscript has centered on beowulf, and it is still called the beowulf manuscript here, thoughunprecedentedlythis new book contains both text and translations of all the nowell manuscript s items. Choose from 500 different sets of english 12 beowulf textbook flashcards on quizlet. The beowulf manuscript was the fifteenth volume on shelf a of the bookcase under the bust of emperor vitellius. Norton anthology of english literature, general editor, stephen. Tolkien, representing stages of his thought in the years before his british academy lecture, beowulf. Through the ages, there have been many translations, notably one by alfred lord tennyson. Christopher, the wonders of the east, and the letters of alexander the great to aristotleas well. At this point, beowulf begins a rollercoaster ride of wild emotional ups and. The world of beowulf is the world of heroic epic, with its legendary fights among largerthanlife figures, both human and monstrous, its scenes of feasting in great beer halls presided over by kings, its accounts of bloody feuds trapping men and women alike. It survives in a single manuscript known as the nowell codex.
The present work is a modest effort to reproduce approximately, in modern measures, the venerable epic, beowulf. In endeavoring to determine whether beowulf is an oral traditional poem or, rather, reflects a transitional stage between oral and written, one is tempted to look for guidance to katherine obrien okeeffes discerning and meticulously crafted book, visible song. The first scribe, who writes in an anglosaxon rounded insular minuscule hand with some carolignian features, copied the first three prose pieces of the nowell codex and a little over the first 85 pages of beowulf up to the word moste on line 1942 in this edition, on. List of books and articles about beowulf online research. Beowulf is a major epic of anglosaxon literature, probably composed bet. As an approximate answer, the 2008 edition printed by new american. The manuscripts were bound in leather and placed in fourteen bookcases, each watched over by the bust of a roman emperor or empress. It is the oldest surviving long poem in old english and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of old english literature. Beowulf simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Beowulf and the beowulf manuscript university of michigan press.
It is most famous as the manuscript containing the unique copy of the epic poem beowulf. This volume is well designed to convey a huge amount of information in as painless a form as possible. Understandably, interest in the manuscript has centered on beowulf, and it is still called the beowulf manuscript here, thoughunprecedentedlythis new book contains both text and translations of all the nowell manuscripts items. Beowulf bawoolf, oldest english epic, probably composed in the early 8th cent. Beowulf is the conventional title of an old english heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of anglosaxon literature. Beowulf published as a separate book two examples are given beowulf. Beowulf project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks read.
Beowulf fights and narrowly defeats grendel, aided by god and by his valiant decision to meet grendel in handtohand combat. One of the most important manuscripts in english history, the anglosaxon chronicle was created in the late 9 th century during the time of alfred the great, almost certainly at his command the manuscript is thought to have been written in wessex, where alfred ruled. Based on beowulf score a books total score is based on multiple factors, including the number of people who have voted for it and how highly those voters ranked the book. Heres where youll find analysis about the book as a whole, from the major themes and ideas to. See a complete list of the characters in beowulf and indepth analyses of beowulf, grendel, hrothgar, unferth, wiglaf, grendels mother, and the dragon. Most of the surviving anglosaxon art is seen in illuminated manuscripts, anglosaxon architecture, some fine ivory carvings, and metalwork. Ad by two scribes and preserved in the british library in the collection of sir robert cotton. British library unveils beowulf manuscript the librarys devotion to digitizing its vast manuscript collection is simply daunting. See more ideas about beowulf, medieval manuscript and illuminated manuscript.
Beowulf swims back to the surface of the lake, where his warriors are overjoyed to see him. Inside, a dragon guards a treasure trove left there long ago by the last survivor of an extinct people. It has no title in the original manuscript, but has become known by the name of the storys protagonist. It is one of the most important works of old english literature. In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through ashburnham house in london that had. Beowulf subsequently becomes king of his own people, the geats. The geats return to heorot hall, taking grendels enormous severed head with them. Based on beowulf 43 books meet your next favorite book. The thief steals a cup, but the dragon discovers the theft and burns the land, including beowulf s meadhall.
Beowulf is one of the finest works of vernacular literature from the european middle ages and as such is a fitting title to head the old english family of texts published in the dumbarton oaks medieval library. It is a meticulous edition, with commentary, of two manuscripts by j. But just when beowulf seems to have narrowly avoided death, he must fight a second demon, grendels mother. Other articles where beowulf manuscript is discussed. Hrothgar sees in beowulfs mission a heritage of duty, a return of the good offices which the danish king rendered to beowulfs father in time of dire need. Page 34 beowulf of the morning after his contest in swimming. Unknown beowulf is a long narrative poem composed in old english some time in between the 8th and 11th century ad. The story of beowulf and his hardfought victory over the monster grendel has captured the imagination of readers and listeners for a millennium. The only surviving manuscript that contains the poem is preserved in the british library and it too was badly damaged by fire in 1731. The thief steals a cup, but the dragon discovers the theft and burns the land, including beowulfs meadhall.
In addition to this, it contains first a fragment of the life of saint christopher, then the more complete texts wonders of the east and letters of. More than 3,000 lines long, beowulf relates the exploits of its eponymous hero, and his successive battles with a monster named grendel, with grendels revengeful mother, and with a dragon which was guarding a hoard of treasure. Beowulf is interesting because its only about that pagan germanic past, and the person who wrote it was obviously aware that the characters in this poem have a problemthey are not christian, and therefore, they are not saved. British library unveils beowulf manuscript the daily dot. The heroic anglosaxon story survives to the world in one eleventhcentury manuscript that was badly burned in 1731, and in two eighteenthcentury transcriptions of the manuscripts. Sir robert cotton started a bit earlier in 1625, and some of the seemingly technical ms info one sees at the beginning of scholarly editions can be demythologized here. The beowulf manuscript cliffsnotes study guides book. Beowulf and his men leave geatland to help king hrothgar. Aug 12, 2014 beowulf is interesting because its only about that pagan germanic past, and the person who wrote it was obviously aware that the characters in this poem have a problemthey are not christian, and therefore, they are not saved. The beowulf ms was written down circa ce by two scribes in late west saxon the literary and posh dialect of the period. Though scholars dont know exactly where the beowulf manuscript or, as it is also known, cottonvitellius a.
After he has been ruling for fifty years, his own neighborhood is wofully harried by a firespewing dragon. The beowulf manuscript british library contains beowulf, judith, and three prose tracts. Churchs translation, and his draftsmanship is exemplary. Beowulf is the longest epic poem in old english, the language spoken in anglosaxon england before the norman conquest. The firstrecorded owner of beowulf is laurence nowell died c. Not until the end of the 17th century did interest in collecting old manuscripts begin. Beowulf tears grendels arm off from his body and sticks it on the wall as a trophy. Even more perplexing is the question of values and beliefs in the poem. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars. The nowell codex is the second of two manuscripts comprising the bound volume cotton ms vitellius a xv, one of the four major anglosaxon poetic manuscripts. Beowulf summary from litcharts the creators of sparknotes. The free beowulf notes include comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book.
In beowulf s old age, a thief finds a passageway into an old barrow. Beowulf then entered the famous collection of sir robert cotton died 1631 who also owned the lindisfarne gospels and the british librarys two. For the first time in the history of beowulf scholarship, the poem appears alongside the other four texts from its sole surviving manuscript. What we can do is pay attention to top scholars in the field and make some pretty good guesses. In beowulfs old age, a thief finds a passageway into an old barrow. Various individuals had, over the years, examined the manuscripts of the translation in the bodleian library, a. When grendel comes to kill them, beowulf fights him.
Learn english 12 beowulf textbook with free interactive flashcards. Metalwork is one of the few types of surviving anglosaxon art, pagan anglosaxon artists mostly used germanic animal style for their work, but later began to develop their own character. For the general reader who simply wants to enjoy a translation of beowulf as literature, and for the academic or inquisitive reader whod like to kiss the original 1,000yearold text hello or not old sheepskin tastes terrible. To this day, this is the official designation of the manuscript cotton vitellius a. Beowulf, knowing his death is near, decides to fight the dragon. Introduction to the old english poem called beowulf. Beowulf is an old english epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. Beowulf is a grim and gruesome story, and artist gareth hinds has produced a graphic novel to match. In the ensuing struggle both beowulf and the dragon are slain. The earliest manuscript copy of the poem is stored in the british library, and is dated around 1010. The complete book, free the tale of beowulf sometime king of the folk of the weder geats translated by william morris and a.