Most of the drugs can be administered by different routes. The path taken by the drug to get into the body is known as the route of drug administration. Once a drug that may be useful in treating a disorder is identified, it is studied in laboratory animals. Purchase routes of drug administration 1st edition. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. There are various methods existing that a drug can be administered to be a patient or a needy in present scenario 5,1025. The legal and professional consequences of administering drugs via enteral feeding tubes 38 8. Routes of drug administration to laboratory animals. That is the drug acts only at the site of application and.
Dosage forms like the tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, emulsion are taken by this route. Various routes of administrations play a marked role in the bioavailability of the active drug in the body. Dosage forms are tablet, capsule, syrup, mixture, etc. Dosage form design may also be used modify the rate of absorption. Intravitreal intravitreal is a route of administration of a drug or other substance, in which the substance is delivered into the eye. Camille harris, in manual of exotic pet practice, 2009. Little is known about the routes of administration roa involved in nonmedical prescription opioid use among rural and urban drug users. Intravenous administration merits bypass first pass metabolism100% quick onset of action in uncooperative and unconscious patients those with nausea and vomiting hypertonic solutions and irritants large volumes amount of drug can be controlled accurately demerits antiseptic conditions depend on others painful and riskycant.
The page seems to give undue creedence to whether a drug has a local or systemic effect in determining its classification. Medication administration considerations in hamsters and gerbils. The oral route of administration is the safest, most economical and the most convenient way of giving medicines. Routes of drug administration rectal pr drugs given by the rectal route a most commonly given as suppository or enema. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Introduction medication is transferred into the bodys tissues in one of three ways. There exists an extenuating circumstance and there is no other alternative. A route of administration in pharmacy is the path by which a drug is taken into the body.
Pdf alternative routes of drug administration transdermal. This route is one of the safest route as the drug cannot product poisonous effects. This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal medicated adhesive patch. Route of administration is divided into two, not three, main. Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. Administration of drugs by injection and other routes. The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding. Drug administration by inhalation inhalers drugs are introduced into the body by several routes.
To obtain a general effect, the drug is usually given by oral or parenteral route. If a drug is to be breathed in and absorbed through the thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages, it must be transformed into tiny. The drug is commonly intended for selfadministration e. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions. Parenteral administration is the only option in the case of some drugs and may, in any case. Start studying 8 routes of administration of drugs. Routes of drug administration and the corresponding physicochemical. Nonmedical prescription opioid use has emerged as a major public health concern in recent years, particularly in rural appalachia. Youre probably familiar with injections and pills that you swallow, but medications can be given. R outes of drug a dministration to laboratory a nimals common routes. Some drugs given by this route include aspirin, theophylline, chlorpromazine and some barbiturates. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the drug lipid soluble and skin at the site of application. Routes of medication administration when giving medications by mouth such as pills or liquids, there are some basic things to remember. Intravenous usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein.
Challenges and recent progress in oral drug delivery systems for. When the drug is applied to the outer skin, it is called enepidermic route of drug administration. Pdf oral route is considered to be the most common route of drug delivery to. Most of the drugs can be administered by variety of routes. This article throws light upon the three main routes of drug administration. Routes of drug administration pharmacology 3571 with. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Drug administration drugs msd manual consumer version. It is irrelavent for classification purposes what it does once it gets there. The various routes of administrations are classified into following categories.
Gastrointestinal oral per os through the mouth gavage into the stomach via a tube or gavage needle rectal per rectum into the rectum via the anus npo nil per os nothing by mouth. A drug given parenterally is one given by a route other than the mouth topical dosage forms are considered separately. Health and safety and clinical risk management 47 9. Oral route the most common route of drug administration. The drugs administration by this route generally affects to the part to which they are applied. Criteria for selection of clean room garments in pharmaceuticals protective gears used in pharmaceutical sterile areas importance of blend uniformity in.
Routes of administration pharmacology linkedin slideshare. Routes of administration of a drug are determined by its physical and chemical properties, patient characteristics and the rapidity of response desired. They combine the advantages of fat emulsions, polymeric. To optimize therapy, it is desirable to search for nonparenteral routes of administration and to deliver the drug in a controlledrelease fashion. Medication administration training manual for nonlicensed school personnel. These routes include the oral route, transdermal, inhalation, and intravenous injection. The choice of appropriate route largely depends both on the drug as well as patient related factors the route of administration is determined primarily by the properties of the drug for example, water or lipid solubility, ionization and by the therapeutic objectives for example, the desirability of a rapid. Drug administration routes science topic the various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal. Parenteral drug administration an overview sciencedirect topics. The purpose of this study was to describe ruralurban differences in roa for nonmedical. Emergency or the impossibility of intake by mouth makes the parenteral route necessary. Iv injection is the introduction of a medication into the veins using a needle, and it is. Study 28 routes of drug administration flashcards from chelsea t. Routes of drug administration objectives describe the pharmacokinetic implications of various routes of administration understand the advantages and disadvantage of various routes of administration from a pk point of view routes of administration enteral to do with gastrointestinal gi tract e.
Never give pills or liquids to an individual lying down. Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. Examples include poultices, plasters, creams and ointments. Advantages safe convenient self administered, pain free, noninvasive and easy to take economical compared to other parentral routes usually good absorption takes place along the whole length of the gi tract no need for sterilization. Route of administration for rodents are guided by temperament, size, and restraint methods.
Routes of drug administration and multiple drug misuse. Route of administration for illicit prescription opioids. Systemic route a enteral route b parenteral route 1. Drug design and development has several stages and takes many years to complete. Selecting a right route of drug administration by a physician improves patients health. Choice of medication formulation alimemazine trimeprazine tartrate25 7. Swallowed through the mouth into the stomach and digestive tract b. Understanding effects of medicationsadverse drug effects 28 various forms of medication administration 29 a. In reality, route of administration is how the drug is introduced to the body. One method of classifying routes of administration is enteral and parenteral. Drugs that can be given by the otic route include hydrocortisone to relieve inflammation, ciprofloxacin to treat infection, and benzocaine to numb the ear. In many cases, lowmolecularweight drugs are too small to be antigenic alone, but they may combine as haptens with.
Routes of drug administration folsom cordova unified. Pdf the optimal choice of medication administration route. Routes of drug administration the route of administration roa that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts 8. Researchers gather information about how the drug works. Route of administration an overview sciencedirect topics. Routes of drug administration play a major role in a medical treatment. Pdf intravenous iv, intramuscular im, and subcutaneous sc are the three most frequently used injection. Routes of drug administration oral po oral administration will be covered in more detail in subsequent chapters.
Typical routes of administration of a parenteral dosage form include subcutaneous. Parenteral administration of drugs is generally limited to subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intraosseous routes table. Other routes of administration are required when the oral route cannot be used, for example. Routes of medication administration oral route also called per oral in this route as the name indicates drug is taken by mouth. Routes of medication administration there are several different ways drugs can be administered. Describe the pharmacokinetic implications of various routes of administration. Routes of administration parenteral administration. Bypass liver some but not all of the veins draining the rectum lead directly to the general circulation thus by.
Drugs may be applied to the external surfaces, the skin and the mucous membranes. This route is where a medicament is applied on to skin to produce its effects. Make sure that the individual is in an upright and sitting position. Unless the drugs are used for a long time or used too much, little of the drugs enter the bloodstream, so bodywide side effects are absent or minimal. The three main parenteral routes of drug administration are iv, im, and sc, and in all cases administration is usually via a hollow needle. Drug absorption factors which influence the rate of absorption types of transport the physicochemical properties of the drug protein binding routes of administration dosage forms circulation at the site of absorption concentration of the drug 3. Routes of drug administration objectives routes of. Many individuals can only swallow one pill at a time. The way by which illicit drugs can be administered or taken into the body are numerous. A method in which a drug is taken into the body listed from slowest to fastest.
Intramuscular and subcutaneous injection drugs are effective only if they reach their site of action. Drug begins breaking down in the stomach and is absorbed into. It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered i hope this presentation will make your fundament slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Understand the advantages and disadvantage of various.
Condition of the patient unconscious, vomiting, diarrhoea. Oral respiratory parenteral dermal ocular body cavities. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Routes of administration and dosage forms pharmacology. In this method of administration, drug is applied on to skin or other body surfaces. High molecular weight drugs in general, and peptides in particular, are usually delivered by parenteral route because they are poorly absorbed or degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. Identify sample pharmaceutical agents as to dosage form and. Route of administration shall consist of an alphabetic term which has a maximum length shall be restricted to 60 characters, with the hyphen and virgule being only punctuation permissible. The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders.
It is the most common and acceptable route for drug administration. The organ or sites via which a drug formulation enters the body 2. So well route of administration can be said as the pharmacological or toxicological entity is the path by which a. Drug and patientrelated factors determine the selection of routes for drug administration. Absorption after oral administration can be quite variable. Inhalation administration involves inhaling of a drug in gas or liquid form. The duration of action for various routes of drug administration is differ because the difference of rate of absorption of drug, amount of drug which been absorbed into the blood plasma and difference rate of metabolism and elimination of drug through the various of drug administration. Injectable preparations are usually sterile solutions or suspensions of drug in water.